Who can move? Who can speak? Who can act
politically? The struggles of refugees and migrants have problematized
conventional answers to these questions in a profound manner. Their
struggles have demonstrated that, despite the considerable risks and
dangers, new political subjects are being formed within securitized
sites and border zones. Struggles by refugees and migrants around issues
of detention, deportation, regularization and freedom of movement have
debunked some of the most cherished assumptions about political
subjectivity. While refugees, irregular migrants and the undocumented
have long been associated with victimhood, helplessness and dependency,
recent theorizations of citizenship challenge these assumptions, showing
how migrants negotiate, contest and evade borders and, in doing so,
constitute themselves as political subjects. These studies represent a
shift in how we conceptualize citizenship, from a formal status to an
enactment of political subjectivity through unexpected, unfamiliar and
irregular acts. They also enable an appreciation of what a growing and
fascinating literature calls ‘noncitizen citizenships’.1
Some commentators, especially those
working from the ‘autonomous migration’ perspective, have posited that
there is something primary – or, better, uncontrollable, indefinable,
uncapturable – about human movement, with borders and their various
apparatuses of control coming only afterwards.2 We
typically think of migrants confronting borders. Less often do we
consider the ways in which borders are also always following migrants,
being forced to adapt to the inventiveness of human mobility. For the
migrant is not the only mobile agent at the border. The border, too,
moves. While there has been some very interesting work on the
proliferation of mobile borders in their virtual forms (e.g. biometrics
and dataveillance),3 there is comparatively
little analysis of the movement of borders in material terms. When I
speak of the moving border, I mean exactly that: the movement of the
territory – the dirt, the soil – that constitutes the border. In this
context, smuggling takes on new and quite literal terms. It is not only
people and goods, licit or illicit, that are being smuggled across the
border; it is the border itself...